The contamination of water by various toxic constituents, particularly heavy metals, exerts deleterious effects on both flora and fauna, with potential repercussions for human wellbeing. Consequently, there exists a pressing imperative to explore methodologies aimed at the elimination of hazardous substances from polluted water. Among the array of extant
approaches, membrane-based techniques emerge as notably efficacious for mitigating pollutants, specifically heavy metals, in water systems. The elimination of mineral contaminants from water holds paramount significance for fostering a hygienic environment and safeguarding human health. Polymeric membranes offer an energy-efficient approach to
water purification, yet they encounter fouling issues during filtration. Surface modification of the membrane is one avenue for mitigating fouling, aiding in the maintenance of elevated water productivity levels. The present investigation undertakes a comprehensive examination of outcomes derived from diverse experiments conducted over the preceding two decades, with the objective of identifying the most pertinent membrane filtration processes, accounting for
varied contaminant profiles.