contracts rely on mathematics to guarantee their immutability, security, and enforceability. Cryptographic procedures that are used to safeguard and con􀏐irm the contract's implementation, including hash functions and digital signatures, might be used to illustrate this. Mathematical approaches known as hash functions embrace an input of arbitrary size and generate a 􀏐ixed-size digest or hash. It is impossible to go backwards the process and ascertain the input from the outcome since the outcome is speci􀏐ic to the input. Digital signature techniques are used for digitally signing smart contracts. The most well-known digital signature schemes—Schnorr, Elgamal, and Elliptic curve