Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a growing field of science that allows direct connection between the brain and outside machinery, bypassing conventional motor pathways like muscles and nerves. Motor function may be lost completely or partially as a result of spinal cord injuries (SCIs), leading to difficulties with walking, balance, and coordination. This literature review delves into the extensive research conducted over the past decades on BCIs and their application in assisting individuals with SCIs. The study encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the advancements made in BCI research; it explores the evolution of BCI technology, highlighting key milestones and breakthroughs that have shaped its development. Additionally, the paper sheds light on the various methodologies employed in BCI systems, such as invasive, non-invasive, hybrid, motor control, and sensory feedback approaches, specifically focusing on their applicability to SCIs. This review emphasises the challenges encountered during the implementation of BCIs for SCI individuals. These challenges encompass technical limitations, signal processing complexities, and the need for robust and reliable interfaces. Moreover, the study explores the adoption of BCIs; it provides insights into potential solutions to address these limitations and presents a forward-looking perspective by discussing the future trends in BCI research. It identifies emerging technologies, neural networks, and neuroprosthetics, which hold great promise in enhancing the performance and usability of BCIs. Moreover, the paper examines the potential of neurorehabilitation and neuroplasticity to augment the effectiveness of BCIs for spinal cord-injured individuals. In conclusion, this paper provides a synthesis of the past 53 years of BCI research, specifically focusing on its application for SCIs. By highlighting the challenges faced and future trends in BCI technology, this paper contributes to the exploration of innovative solutions that can unlock new possibilities and offer renewed hope for SCIs.
 
Special Issue of AEIC 2024 (Electrical and System & Computer Engineering  Session)