Not only can additive manufacturing technology print complex geometries with remarkable accuracy, but it can also precisely program and control the geometry, materials, structures, and properties of printed objects. This allows for great design flexibility, high customizability, and significant material savings for the products. But one significant drawback of traditional additive manufacturing technology, commonly referred to as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is that the printed parts are inert, immobile, and stiff. Stated differently, the structures that are 3D printed are not able to adjust or adapt in response to modifications in the dynamic surroundings. Due of this, 3D-printed parts are unable to satisfy the growing needs of devices for intelligent functions including self-adaptation, self-assembly, self-repair, self-learning, self-sensing, and decision making. In this regard, an inventive subset of additive manufacturing known as four-dimensional (4D) printing, an innovative branch of additive manufacturing, emerges based on the multidisciplinary integration of materials, machinery, mechanics, information, and so on.Using additive manufacturing, 4D printing creates dynamic components with forms, qualities, and/or functions that can be controlled and changed automatically over time and/or space in response to preset stimuli such heat, moisture, light, pH, magnetism, and electricity. This concept emphasizes that 4D-printed devices' stimuli-responsive behaviors extend beyond simple form modifications to encompass property and functionality changes as well..