Background: Cereal grains contain a group of proteins known as gluten, which is a significant ingredient of the endosperm of mature cereal grains, making up around 80% of the protein content. Aim: This study investigated the genotoxic effects of gluten on male albino mice's chromosomes and DNA. Materials and methods: The study included four groups of mice: a control group, a negative control group given glacial acetic acid, and two groups given gluten doses of 1.5 and 3 g/kg body weight. These treated groups were given oral injections 3 times/week over 4 weeks. To assess the chromosomal abnormalities of the bone marrow cells, the research utilized C-banding and G-banding techniques. Results: The study found that giving mice gluten at both low and high doses caused abnormal changes in bone marrow chromosomes. The effects were more severe with the higher dose of gluten. These changes involved chromatid abnormalities such as deletion and fragments, and chromosome abnormalities such as centromeric attenuation, centric fusion, ring formation, end-to-end association, and chromosomal gap, as well as numerical abnormality like polyploidy. These changes suggested that gluten treatment may have genotoxic effects. Additionally, the study found that the treated mice experienced DNA damage, which indicated that gluten can negatively impact DNA integrity. Conclusion: Limiting gluten intake is important to avoid damage to chromosomes and DNA and prevent potentially harmful effects on human health. Further research is necessary to understand the genotoxicity mechanisms caused by gluten.