This study was conducted to determine the probable occupational exposures and to estimate the risk of occupational exposure in hepatocellular carcinoma [CC]. The index group included 53 patients of CC while the control group included 53 patients matched for age and sex. All individuals were subjected to a questionnaire [sociodemograghic characteristics, medical and occupational history] and medical examination. The results revealed the following: Past history of either schistosomiasis or jaundice was a significant risk factor for HCC in the univariate analysis [OR= 2.35 and 3.45 respectively] but not in the multivariate analysis. Presence of occupational exposures in general and exposure to pesticides in particular was a risk factor for development of HCC [OR= 3.48 and 5.53 respectively in the univariate analysis, as well as 1.87 and 2.55 respectively in the multivariate analysis]. The risk for HCC increased for persons with both exposure to pesticides and history of jaundice [OR= 8.88 in the univariate analysis and 3.34 in the multivariate analysis] compared to persons with either of them alone. It was concluded that exposure to pesticides is a risk factor for HCC and this risk increases with concomitant presence of history of jaundice. Furthermore, schistosomiasis may have an association with HCC. It was recommended that the use of pesticides should be restricted to the minimal possible extent and further studies were advised to explore the effect of pesticides and serologically diagnosed viral hepatitis on occurrence of HCC.