Agricultural development is one of the important pillars of the process of economic and social development, and its importance comes in the societies of developing countries, in which the agricultural sector is considered one of the main pillars of the national economy. It is also considered an urgent necessity at the present time more than ever before, and the state has paid attention to developing the sector. Agriculture, and gave it great importance by introducing modern agricultural techniques into the production process, and among these techniques are modern irrigation techniques, as well as providing all agricultural requirements, including agricultural equipment and machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. Therefore, the research aimed to reveal the indiscriminate use of pesticides and the extent of the seriousness of their negative effects on human health. And the environment, also revealing the relationship between environmental cost-benefit analysis and environmental health. The researchers relied on the descriptive analytical approach to study the problem in question and describe it accurately. A questionnaire was designed for the purpose of collecting the data necessary for the study and applied to some employees and workers of agricultural associations in some rural governorates in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The research reached many results, including: the existence of a statistically significant relationship between cost-benefit analysis and the rationalization of the use of agricultural pesticides, which would affect the quality of agricultural crops. The research also concluded that there is a fundamental relationship between the cost-benefit analysis of the use of agricultural pesticides and the benefits that accrue On human health and the environment, researchers have recommended the importance of disseminating information related to rationalizing the use of agricultural pesticides for crops, in order to preserve the health of citizens and the environment, and also paying attention to educating farmers about the danger of excessive use of pesticides and the risks they may be exposed to as a result of their direct dealing with them, and the extent of their danger. On the public health of citizens and the environment.