Rodent population control is of significant importance, and there is a need for a systematic literature evaluation on traditional medicine-based contraceptives as a humane alternative to rodenticides. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review on the utilization of traditional medicine as contraceptives for rodents. We applied the PRISMA 2020 method to select and review relevant literature published from 1990 to 2023 using three databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases). A total of 668 searches were conducted, resulting in the final identification and review of 34 publications. These publications were categorized based on four dimensions: (1) Effects of traditional medicine on the reproductive system of female rodents; (2) Mechanisms used in traditional medicine to reduce fertility in male rodents; (3) Strengths and limitations of traditional medicine as a contraceptive for rodents; (4) Challenges to the use of traditional medicine as a contraceptive for rodents. The findings from 34 studies indicate that traditional medicinal compounds can disrupt hormone levels and uterine and ovarian function and interfere with the implantation process in female rodents. Also, have shown the potential to affect male fertility by influencing sperm motility, morphology, and reproductive system ultrastructure. Various traditional medicine compounds like (Tripterygium wilfordii, Carica papaya, Ruta graveolens, Wedelia trilobata, Celastrus paniculutus and Gloriosa superba) and have shown promising  antifertility activities for both female and male rodents with side effect can reversible, highlighting their potential as contraceptive agents. More research is needed to rigorously address the efficacy of different plant extracts in terms of inhibiting the fertility of either male and/or female rodents. Currently there is limited scientific evidence on mechanisms of action, durations of effect, humaneness, potential toxicities and non-target impacts.  These studies must be undertaken before considering broadscale application.