Introduction: Exosomes are essential in communicating intracellularly by working as means for transport of their cargos to receiver cells.
Aim of the Work: This review aimed to shed light on the mesenchymal exosomes (MSC- exosomes) as well as their role in various biological aspects.
Material and Methods: A narrative review was conducted on the basis of publications in PubMed and Scopus databases. MSC-exosomes together with their roles in various biological aspects were discussed.
Results: In vitro and in vivo researches have shown that MSC-exosomes are related to various tissue regeneration processes (bone, dentin-pulp complex, periodontal ligaments (PDL), taste buds and paraoral tissues), treatment of different metabolic disorders (liver diseases, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes types 1&2 and obesity), neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as well as cancer. Also, they act as drug delivery mechanisms and biomarkers for multiple disorders. They also contribute in vaccines development.
Conclusions: Utilization of MSC-exosomes turns out to be of great importance in cell-free therapy. MSC-exosomes contain “cargos" which enable them to contribute in cellular functions and play pivotal role in treatment of diseases and tissue repair. MSC-exosomes play great role in tissue regeneration, including the oral and paraoral tissues. Moreover, they have therapeutic effect in different metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases and they have important impact as anti-tumor agents and in reducing anticancer-therapy resistance. MSC-exosomes are beneficial biomarkers for different human diseases, both in terms of diagnosis and prognosis, and they are ideal tool for drug delivery to treat a wide range of diseases. Also, they are promising in vaccine development.