The Atlantic horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, is a semi-pelagic fish species with a broad distribution in the temperate, tropical, and subtropical coastal waters of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Oceans. As a significant species for both commercial and recreational fisheries, it plays a pivotal role in the marine food web. This review synthesized current knowledge of the ecology, reproduction, and growth patterns of T. trachurus, emphasizing its critical biological attributes.  Furthermore, it examined the main threats and conservation challenges this species faces, alongside the implications for fishery management. The review culminated with strategic recommendations for future research and monitoring initiatives aimed at filling the existing knowledge gaps and enhancing  fishery's sustainability.