Abstract:
Earthquakes indicate changes within the Earth's internal structure and occur globally, with their frequency varying based on local tectonic conditions. Historically, earthquakes have caused significant loss of life and damage to infrastructure, disrupting a country's social and economic stability. While prevention of earthquakes is impossible, damage can be mitigated through the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings. With increased understanding of earthquakes, many countries now incorporate seismic provisions in their building codes and architectural designs.
During an earthquake, seismic waves originate from the focus and spread in all directions as body waves and surface waves, which are highly unpredictable. These ground motions make buildings vibrate and generate inertia forces within their structural components. Without proper seismic design, buildings may collapse, leading to catastrophic outcomes. The primary aim of seismic design is to ensure the safety of occupants and maintain the functionality of buildings.
These ground motions make buildings vibrate and generate inertia forces within their structural components. Without proper seismic design, buildings may collapse, leading to catastrophic outcomes. The primary aim of seismic design is to ensure the safety of occupants and maintain the functionality of buildings.