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192195

Toxoplasma gondii as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 severity: a case-control study

Article

Last updated: 23 Jan 2023

Subjects

-

Tags

virology

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic that stroke almost all countries of the world causing thousands of deaths and disabilities and burdened the economy of countries. One of the main criteria of the immune response against COVID-19 is the “immune exhaustion", due to increased expression of T cell suppressor molecules e.g. programmed death-1 (PD-1), that leads to flaring of viral multiplication and disastrous clinical outcomes. This immune exhaustion is not restricted to COVID-19 but is also a common complication of chronic infections with the widely spreading protozoan, Toxoplasma (T.) gondii. Thus, theoretically, the toxoplasmosis-associated immune exhaustion can worsen that of COVID-19 and consequently increases its severity. However, the studies on this theory are still insufficient. Objective: this work was designed to answer two questions. Does T. gondii co-infection affect the severity of COVID-19 manifestations? Is this action related to T. gondii-induced PD-1 changes? Methodology: Covid-19+patients with moderate and severe conditions were screened for T. gondii IgG and compared to healthy controls. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1α cytokines were assessed to evaluate COVID-19 severity and prognosis. Lymphocytic expression of PD-1 was assessed by flowcytometry. Results: We recorded a higher incidence of toxoplasmosis among COVID-19 patients especially patients with severe/critical manifestations. T. gondii positive cases exhibited a statistically significant increase in lymphocytic expression of PD-1 that correlated positively with the proinflammatory and bad prognosis cytokines. With fixation of other risk factors for severity, toxoplasmosis still scored a significant value. Conclusion: toxoplasmosis increased the severity of COVID-19. These effects can be related to the Toxoplasma-associated increased lymphocytic PD-1 expression. So, toxoplasmosis can be considered as an unrecognized independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity.

Keywords

COVID-19, T. gondii, PD-1, risk factors

Authors

First Name

Shaimaa

Last Name

Sharaf-El-Deen

MiddleName

A.

Affiliation

Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

Email

drsharaf81@yahoo.com

City

Menoufia

Orcid

-

Volume

30

Article Issue

2

Related Issue

27344

Issue Date

2021-04-01

Receive Date

2021-02-02

Publish Date

2021-04-04

Page Start

125

Page End

132

Print ISSN

1110-2179

Online ISSN

2537-0979

Link

https://ejmm.journals.ekb.eg/article_192195.html

Detail API

https://ejmm.journals.ekb.eg/service?article_code=192195

Order

17

Type

New and original researches in the field of Microbiology.

Type Code

2,038

Publication Type

Journal

Publication Title

Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Publication Link

https://ejmm.journals.ekb.eg/

MainTitle

-

Details

Type

Article

Created At

23 Jan 2023