Background: Primary headache is the most frequent neurological symptom and commonest manifestation of pain in children, between 30-40% of children report headaches at least weekly with subsequent impact at home and on school attendance and performance. The study aimed to assess mothers' knowledge and care regarding primary school children with primary headache. Research design: A descriptive research design was utilized to conduct this study. Setting: The study was conducted at Pediatric Outpatient Clinics in Benha University Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample was used, it included 236 mothers accompanied with their children Tools: A structured interviewing questionnaire was used, it was consisted of three parts: Part I; a) socio-demographic characteristics of mothers, b) personal characteristics of children, c) medical history of children. Part II; Mothers' knowledge regarding their children with primary headache. Part III; Mothers practices regarding their children with primary headache. Results: 57.2%of studied mothers aged from 20-30 years and 46.2% of them had basic education. 43.2% of mothers had average knowledge about primary headache, 59.7% of mothers had unsatisfactory practices about their children primary headache. Conclusion:  There were statistically significant relations between mothers' total knowledge; total practice and their demographic characteristics. Also, there was significant relation between total mothers' practice and total knowledge. Recommendations: Health education program should be implemented at pediatric outpatient clinics to improve mothers' knowledge and practices regarding their children with primary headache.