Groundwater  contains  many  impurities,  salts,  and mineral elements. Therefore,  there is  an  essential demand to  make water more purified  from these impurities. There are  many  ways  to  purify  water  such  as  desalination  and membranes  technology .  Polymeric,  ceramic,  and composite  membranes  are  widely  used  in  membranes manufacturing with a nanofiber/  nanomaterial  membrane for  groundwater  filtration.  To  enhance  membrane  water flux and fouling, inorganic materials are embedded to the membrane polymeric solution. In the present review, water challenges  in  Egypt  and  ground  water  distribution  is  the focus.  In  addition,  membrane  technology  with  focus  in materials,  techniques,  fouling,  modules,  and  filtration process will discuss.