Chronic kidney disease is a category of renal disease where there is gradual deterioration of renal function through time. Firstly, no symptoms occur, then some symptoms might happen like lower limb edema, being exhaused, nausea, vomiting and agitation. Complications include cardiovascular diseases, anaemia, bone diseases and hypertension.
Central veins stenosis or occlusion in chronic HD patients is a critical issue because the central veins are considered the last route of blood flow from the upper limb to the heart. Venous hypertension may present by arm swelling and pain after shunt creation. Ligation of the AVF with the creation of a new AVF will relieve some symptoms.
AIM OF THE WORK:
The aim of this work was to study the incidence and characteristics of central venous outflow obstruction among ESRD patients who require primary or secondary or tertiary AV access by using preoperative duplex ultrasound “DUS" and intraoperative central venography in Alexandria Main University Hospital during the period from November 2020 to October 2021.