Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) according to the American diabetes association 2021, is diabetes that is first diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that is not clearly either preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes. GDM is linked to an increased risk of macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, preterm birth, or neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, as well as the mother having a higher risk of preeclampsia, dystocia and long‐ term complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Based on the "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study" and the current WHO recommendations, GDM diagnosis is accomplished with.
One-step (75 gm OGTT): the diagnosis of GDM is made when any of the following plasma glucose values are met or exceeded: Fasting: 92 mg/dl, 1 h: 180 mg/dl, 2 h: 153 mg/dl. A single elevated value is sufficient for the diagnosis and already requires a strict metabolic control.
High iron stores in the liver may induce insulin resistance by impairing insulin signaling and by attenuating the liver's ability to extract insulin. In adipocytes, excess iron can diminish insulin-induced glucose transport, whereas in the muscles it may lead to a switch from glucose to fatty acid oxidation