Egypt Demographic and Health Survey stated that 33 % of men aged 55- 59 and 65 % of women aged 45-59 were classified as obese. Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of body fat or weight that exceeds the age- and gender-specific reference limits.
Obesity is widely correlated with cardiometabolic risk and is strongly associated with diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. 5. There are many approaches for assessing obesity.
Some anthropometric measurements such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist: hip ratio, are commonly used at primary care centers, while other measurements, such as CT scan, MRI and DEXA scan are costly and largely used for research purposes.
Waist circumference, as an index of central obesity, may be better for predicting obesity-related health risks than BMI. Nevertheless, WC measurements may be inconvenient or difficult to obtain in some situations, such as with severely obese subjects. In addition, WC measurements are affected by postprandial distension, abdominal gases, ascites or pregnancy. Moreover, respiratory movement and thick clothing can also affect the accuracy of WC measurements, WC requires removal of the clothes which may be inconvenient in some situations.
Recently, researchers have greatly focused on neck circumference (NC), a parameter of upper-body adiposity. Upper-body subcutaneous adipose tissue may confer additional risk for metabolic disorders beyond overall and abdominal obesityNeck circumference is easy to perform, quick,