The entire systems of the Near East were deeply affected by series of the crises and changes which reshaped the political organization and formed the watershed moment between the Bronze and Iron Age. Shortly after 1200 B.C., most of these political systems had abruptly collapsed due to the arrival of foreign invaders from the west. The clash of invaders had drastic effects in the light of the decline which afflicted with the major powers and a number of the Bronze Age centers also came to an end.· Obviously, wars, deportations, and production, definitely in Anatolia, became an endemic problem by the end of the Late Bronze Age
· Similarly, the Iron Age witnessed a number of new developments around the world, in which Greece emerged from its dark ages and gave birth to Athens and Sparta. The Iliad and Odyssey were composed, the Doric architectural style was developed and Zoroaster began to preach his message in Persia. Also, Egypt lost its ancient glory to be dominated by Libyans, Nubians, and Assyrians. In India, the Upanishads were written, Hinduism emerged, and the caste system was formulated. Feudalism developed in China, while the Olmec civilization flourished in Mexico (Bournoutian, 2006).   19