The drug action can be reinforced as a result of the development of new drug delivery systems. Over the past few decades, mucosal drug delivery has received a great deal of attention to improve both the local and systemic drug effects. Drug delivery across the mucosa bypasses the first-pass hepatic metabolism and avoids the degradation caused by the gastrointestinal enzymes. Mucoadhesive dosage forms are designed to enable prolonged retention at the desirable site of action, provide sustained release of drug and thus, lead to an improved bioavailability, as well as therapeutic outcomes. Compared with other mucosal tissues, vaginal mucosal cavity is more appropriate and attractive for drug delivery. In addition, a prolonged contact of mucoadhesive dosage forms with the vaginal mucosa may be achieved more easily than at other absorption sites like rectum or intestinal mucosa. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in the study of mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. It provides an overview of the structure of mucosal membranes, the mechanism and theories involved in mucoadhesion, and finally it describes briefly the main characteristics and the advantages of vaginal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems compared with other delivery systems.