Barley is an important food crop particularly for animal feeding but in Egypt, there is a shortage in barley supplies. Unfortunately, this crop is infested by several stored product insects, including Rhyzopertha dominica(F.). These insect pests are usually controlled by chemical application. However, developing barley cultivars resistant to insects is an important approach. Therefore, relationships between chemical traits of fifteen barley cultivars and infestation by R. dominica(F.) were investigated. The results showed that covert barley (Giza123,Giza125,Giza134 and Giza2000) were the lowest infested cultivars by R. dominica. It produced the least numbers of adult progeny (32, 39, 36 and 51.3 insects) from thirty gram grains sample, the least reduction of weight loss (6.3, 5.3, 5.3 and 6.9%) and the least of infested grains percentages (9.1, 6.9 and 11.6% respectively). The highest insect infestation were recorded in naked barley(Giza131, Giza135 and Giza136) where the number of adult progeny were 210, 169 and 201 insects, the weight loss were 33.3, 23.3 and 31.4% and the infested grains percentages were 60.7, 45.0 and 63.6%, respectively. Results of chemical component analysis showed that the lowest infestations were in cultivars of low protein content and high content of phenol, fiber and ash, while, the highest infestations in naked barley were in cultivars of high content of protein and low content of phenol, fiber and ash. Results of  SDS-PAGE in soluble protein revealed a total number of 13 bands, two common bands were monomorphic and the others were polymorphic, and  there were three specific bands found in naked barley which were higher infested than covert barley. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration to select a line with high yield, good quality, more tolerant to insect infestation to avoid insecticide usage.