The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of the most important Egyptian wheat cultivars grown in 2005 by using microsatellites (SSR) as molecular markers. The four varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tested were Giza 168. Sids 1, Gemmeza 7 and Gemmeza 9) including Chinese Spring as standard. The 24 microsatellites used revealed a total of 93 alleles. The fragment size ranged from 75 bp in GWM3 to 265 bp in GWM931. The average number of alleles was 3.9 ranging from 2-9 alleles per locus. The average allele number was different for each cultivar. With 66 alleles the number was highest in Giza 16B, followed by 33 alleles in Bids 1. then Gemmiza 9 with 32 alleles and the lowest allele number was found in Gimmeza 7 (30 alleles). The polymorphism information content (PIC value) reflecting the gene diversity of the 24 microsatellite loci ranged from 0.46 to 0.62 with an average of 0.66. The genetic similarity level ranged from 0.22 for Chinese Spring with the Egyptian cultivars to 0.58 for Gimmeza 7 and Gimmeza 9. The correlation coefficient between PIC and number of alleles over 24 microsatellites loci was 0.62.