This study aimed to evaluate the difference between two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); namely, barley cv. Giza 123 as sensitive to drought and barley cv. 126 as a tolerant one, also the influence of treatment of the drought on the first cultivar and the irrigation treatment on the second one. At the age of 14 weeks, results revealed that, plant height, number of leaves I plant, leaf area, number of internodes/plant and number of tillersiplant achieved significant decreases using both treatments for both cultivars. At the age of 16 weeks plants of barley cv. Giza 123 which was treated as tolerant to drought compared with irrigated plants exhibited significant decreases in number of tillersfplant, number of grain rowsiplant and number of grainsispike, but were insignificant in number of plants spike, number of grainsiplant and weight of strawiplant. At the same age, plants of barley cv. Giza 126 which were treated as sensitive to drought compared with the tolerant one, showed significant decreases in all yield components. Root diameter was thicker in plants of barley cv. Giza 123 treated as tolerant to drought than the irrigated ones by 16.7% due to the thicker cortex and pith. The same findings were recorded in barley cv. Giza 126 plants treated as sensitive to drought by 16.3% than the tolerant one due to the thicker cortex and vascular cylinder. Concerning stern structure, both treated cultivars had thick ground tissue, by 3.2% for barley cv. Giza 123 and 12.5% for barley cv. Giza 126. Measurements of leaf lamina revealed that, barley cv. Giza 126 plants treated as sensitive to drought showed the higher measurements compared with the tolerant ones. On the contrary, plants of barley cv. Giza 123 treated as tolerant to drought exhibited lower measurements in most characters against to the irrigated ones.