For cirrhotic ascitic individuals, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a potentially fatal outcome. Other tests for early spontaneous bacterial peritonitis diagnosis were looked upon, despite the fact that an ascitic polymorphonuclear leukocytes count of 250 cells/mm3 remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This article compiles and evaluates recent studies on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis diagnostic indicators such as procalcitonin, calprotectin, and homocysteine

Many ascitic cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein-1 beta, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and the soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are more prevalent in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis than in those without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis had significantly higher serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels than those with sterile ascites. Ascites lactoferrin is a biomarker that can be used to diagnose and predict spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and it was found to be lower in all spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients who responded well to antibiotic therapy. Ascitic Calprotectin can distinguish between spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and non- spontaneous bacterial peritonitis patients, according to numerous research. Patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis had significantly higher ascitic and serum homocysteine levels than patients without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Instead of the second paracentesis, it might be used to assess the infection's eradication