Background: sputum cytology is an important biomarker that can be used to assess infectious and inflammatory changes associated with different etiological factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the infectious and inflammatory changes associated with exposure to cement dust. Methodology: In this cross-sectional cases control study, 500 apparently healthy volunteers were selected. Of the 500 study subjects, 400 were exposed to cement dust (ascertained as cases) and 100 were non-exposed (ascertained as controls). Sputum specimen was collected and subsequently demonstrated using Papanicalauo method. Results: Inflammatory cells infiltrate associated with exposure to cement dust was found to be statistically significant (RR= 2.1214, 95% CI = 1.6142 to 2.7881, P < 0.0001). The risk of viral infection associated with exposure to cement dust was found to be (RR= 1.6250, 95% CI = 0.7078 to 3.7308, P = 0.2522). The risk associated with bacterial infection was (RR= 13.6350, 95% CI = 1.9091 to 97.3805, P = 0.0092). The risk associated with fungal infection was (RR= 2.2725, 95% CI = 0.2912 to 17.7315, P = 0.4335). Conclusion: Exposure to cement dust is a significant risk that enhances infectious and inflammatory change in the lung of exposed individuals.