Environmental agents including bacterial superantigens (sAgs) have been shown to contribute to immune response dysregulation, resulting in immunity-related diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one among the several powerful exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus, causing a range of clinical diseases from mild food poisoning to deadly non-menstrual toxic shock. Streptococcus pyogenes infections in the deep tissues can create equally potent sAgs (such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) -A) that can cause deadly shock. The innate immune response elicited by sAgs is not against the bacteria themselves; rather sAgs driven T cell and cytokine-based immune response aids bacterial survival.
             The current study looked at how healthy people's T cells reacted in vitro to common bacterial sAgs such as SEB and SPE-A. Different Th1 and Th2 cytokines were measured to identify the functional activity of T cells. The findings show that the interaction between PBMC and sAgs has a significant impact on the magnitude of sAg-dependent polyclonal T cell (CD4⁺) elicitation along with cytokine generation in vitro, which is governed by IL-4 and IL-10 releasing cells. Infection-related sAg-activity possibly influences the clinical outcome of the infection, implying that sAg-activated T cells and cytokines play a crucial role in initiating immunity-related diseases.