Goal: the present work aimed to study of biological effects of tramadol and treat its side effects via Lagenaria siceraria or melatonin.
Results: Cytologically, histochemically, and histopathologically the present results showed the injection of tramadol for 20 and 40 days highly decreased the volume nuclei; DNA, RNA, total protein, and polysaccharides contents; and highly increased collagen content in normal hepatocytes of the male mice. Also, the present results showed the injection of tramadol showed a severe degree of histopathological changes in hepatocytes of the male mice.
Cytologically histochemically, the present results showed that: the treatment via Lagenaria siceraria or melatonin pronounced increased the volume nuclei; DNA, RNA, and total protein contents; and pronounced decreased collagen content in tramadol-induced hepatocytes of the male mice. Also, Lagenaria siceraria pronounced increased polysaccharides content. The stopping tramadol modulatory increased RNA and total protein contents and decreased collagen content in tramadol-induced hepatocytes. Histopathologically, Lagenaria siceraria or melatonin displayed normal histological architecture and normal regeneration and division of the hepatocytesin the tramadol-induced male mice.
Conclusion: tramadol induced various cytological, histochemical, and histopathological alterations, while the treatments resist and repair tramadol's side effects.