Background and aim of the study: Leptin, resistin and adiponectin are the most important adipokines which are influenced by body fat status, and their levels are closely related to vascular dysfunction. This study aimed to estimate the concentration of serum adiponectin and leptin in type 1 diabetic children and to find their relationship to body mass index (BMI) and microvascular complications. Material and method: Weight (kg), height (m), BMI (kg/ m²) , random blood sugar, mean HbA1c, urinary microalbuminurea, serum adiponectin and leptin concentration were assessed in 60 children (34 males, 26 females) with type 1 diabetes and 60 healthy control children. Medical history, clinical examination, anthropometric and pubertal assessment were done for the patients and controls. The diabetic patients were classified depending on the pubertal stage into pre-pubertal group and pubertal group, and according to gender into male group and female group. Results: The results obtained showed significantly elevated of random blood glucose, HbA1c (p<0.001), total cholesterol & low density lipoprotein (LD-L) (p<0.05), BUN (p<0.001), creatinine (p<0.05), urinary microalbuminurea (p<0.001), serum adiponectin and leptin values (p<0.001) in type 1 diabetes children than control. In patients suffering from microvascular diabetic complications as nephropathy and neuropathy, serum adiponectin and leptin levels showed highly significant increase. The level of both adipokines was significantly increased with the increase in body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: Serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations increase significantly in diabetic children especially in those with increase in body mass index (BMI), than healthy control and in females than males; puberty has no significant effect on their levels. Increase serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations were associated with impairment of renal functions and neuropathy and they can be used as marker for these complications.