Impressive fortification and renovation work was carried out in Egypt
in Mehmet 'Ali's reign (1805- 1848); the pasha rebuilt the old fortifications, and erected new forts according to the new developments
of weapons and defensive systems. So, he recruited the European
scientific and military cadres to seeking their services. Therefore, the
military architecture of his reign was distinguished with the European
influences from Turkey, Italy, France and Albania. In other words,
many new and uncommon architectural elements have imported to
the Egyptian military architecture in the first of 19th century. The
innovation introduced into military architecture by Mehmet 'Ali is
the regular designs of the external and internal lines of the
buildings, and the types of the towers to be compatible with attack
and defensive weapons. This new type of military architecture was
called the bastion system. The article's primary purpose is
discussing: the universal features of military fortifications of 19th
century in Egypt by tracing the European influences and follows
the origins of the fortification designs of Mehmet' Ali which so-called
the bastion system. These fortifications carried out some relations
on structure, designs, plans, and elements belonged to the prototypes
of the European styles, like the Venetian, Ottoman and Frankish
styles which transformed directly and indirectly by Mehmet 'Alito
Egypt in the beginning of the 19th century. The study willed fine the
types of the most important military architectural designs dating back
to the nineteenth century in Egypt and tracing its origins in Europe.
Also will enumerate the channels which imported this new technology
and architectural features to Egypt and investigating the factors
which had been arrived from deferent European sources, such as
the raise and the personal vision of Mehmet 'Ali, the educational
missions to European countries, the European scientific and military
cadres and the field experiences of the Pasha in the deferent
countries of Ottoman Empire.