الملخص
إِنَّ فَهْمَ الْأَحْکَامِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ لَا يَتَأَتَّى إِلَّا بِفَهْمِ الْلُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ وَمَعْرِفَةِ دَقَائِقِهَا وَتَرَاکِيْبِهَا؛ فَإِنَّ الْقُرْآَنَ الْکَرِيمَ بِلُغَةِ الْعَرَبِ نَزَلَ، وَالنَّبِيُّ- صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- بِلِسَانِهِمْ نَطَقَ، وَالنَّحْوُ وَسِيلَةٌ لِفَهْمِ الْلُّغَةِ، وَحِفْظِ الْلِّسَانِ عَنِ الْخَطَأِ فِي الْکَلَامِ، وَمِنْ هُنَا تَظْهَرُ وَشَائِجُ الْعَلَاقَةِ الْقَوِيَّةِ بَيْنَ اسْتِخْلَاصِ الرَّأْيِ الْفِقْهِيِّ وَبَيْنَ فَهْمِ الْلُّغَةِ، وَإِدْرَاکِ مَدْلُولَاتِ تَرَاکِيْبِهَا الْمُخْتَلِفَةِ؛ فَلَا تَکَادُ مَسْأَلَةٌ فِقْهِيَّةٌ تَخْلُو مِنْ دَلِيلٍ نَحْوِيٍّ اسْتَنَدَ عَلَيْهِ الْفَقِيهُ فِي تَرْجِيحِ رَأْيِهِ، أَوْ دَحْضِ آَرَاءِ مُخَالِفِيهِ؛ فَکَانَ النَّحْوُ دَلِيلًا مِنَ الْأَدِلَّةِ وَرَکِيزَةً مِنَ الرَّکَائِزِ الَّتِي اسْتَنَدَ عَلَيْهَا الْفُقَهَاءُ وَالْمُفَسِّرِونَ فِي تَرْجِيحِ آَرَائِهِمْ کَمَا کَانَ النَّحْوُ وَسِيلَةً لِفَهْمِ مَقَاصِدِ الْلُّغَةِ وَدِلَالَاتِ تَرَاکِيبِهَا الْمُخْتَلِفَةِ.
لَعِبَ النَّحْوُ دَوْرًا مِحْوَرِيًّا مُهِمًّا فِي اسْتِدْلَالَاتِ ابْنِ الْعَرَبِيِّ عَلَى تَرْجِيحِ آَرَائِهِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ، وَقَدْ عُنِيَ الْبَحْثُ بِدِرَاسَةِ الْمَسَائِلِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ فِي کِتَابِ" أَحْکَامِ الْقُرْآَنِ" لِابْنِ الْعَرَبِيِّ الْمَالِکِيِّ الَّتِي کَانَ النَّحْوُ دَلِيلًا فِي التَّرْجِيحِ فِيْهَا أَوِ الرَّدِ عَلَى آَرَاءِ الْمُخَالِفِينَ.
أَبْرَزَ الْبَحْثُ دَوْرَ النَّحْوِ فِي تَأْصِيلِ الْأَحْکَامِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ، وَطَرَائِقِ الْاِسْتِدْلَالِ عَلَيْهَا مِنْ خِلَالِ دِرَاسَةِ بَعْضِ الْمَسَائِلِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ الَّتِي کَانَ لِلنَّحْوِ دَوْرٌ مُهِمٌّ فِي تَرْجِيحِ رَأْيٍ عَلَى رَأْيٍ، أَوِ إِضْعَافِ حُجَّةِ الْمُخَالِفِينَ، وَلَيْسَ النَّحْوُ- بِالضَّرُورَةِ- هُوَ الْمُرْتَکَزَ الْأَوَّلَ الَّذِي بَنَى عَلَيْهِ ابْنُ الْعَرَبِيِّ أَوْ غَيْرُهُ مِنَ الْفُقَهَاءِ أَحْکَامَهُ فِي التَّرْجِيحِ بَيْنَ الْآَرَاءِ الْفِقْهِيَّةِ، بَلْ کَانَ أَدَاةً مُهِمَّةً فِي فَهْمِ الْقَضَايَا وَاسْتِنْبَاطِ الْأَحْکَامِ وَالتَّرْجِيحِ بَيْنَهَا.
وَإِذَا کَانَ الْاِسْتِدْلَالُ بِالنَّحْوِ ضَعِيفًا فِي قَضِيَّةٍ بِعَيْنِهَا، فَإِنَّ ذَلِکَ لَا يَعْنِي بِالضَّرُورَةِ ضَعْفًا فِي النَّحْوِ فِي حَدِّ ذَاتِهِ، وَلَا يُعَدُّ ضَعْفًا فِي الْفُقَهَاءِ وَالْمُفَسِّرِينَ، بَلْ کَانَ الْاِسْتِدْلَالُ بِالنَّحْوِ قَائِمًا عَلَى تَوْظِيفِ فَهْمِهِمْ لِتَغَيُّرِ دِلَالَاتِ الْلُّغَةِ وَمَعَانِيْهَا بِتَغَيُّرِ تَرَاکِيبِهَا النَّحْوِيَّةِ وَأَحْکَامِهَا، وَأَسْهَمَ ذَلِکَ فِي تَکْوِينِ أُسُسٍ قَوِيَّةٍ يَشُدُّ بَعْضُهَا بَعْضًا لِإِنْتَاجِ مِذَاهِبَ فِقْهِيَّةٍ لَهَا مُرْتَکَزَاتٌ مُتَرَابِطَةٌ وَقَوَاعِدُ مُحْکَمَةٌ.
Abstract
Understanding the rules of Fiqh ( jurisprudence) cann't be achieved without understanding the Arabic language and knowning its syntaxes and semantic structures. As Holy Qur'an was sent in Arabic and prophet Mohammed( pbuh) spoke Arabic. Grammar then is a means to interpret language and keep one's tongue from erring in speech. As a results there appeares the strong relationship between getting a rule of Fiqh and understanding the language with its different significant semantic structure there is hardly a topic Fiqh that has no linguistic significance used by a jurist to prove his vision Vs other jurists'. So, grammar has been one of the most important evidences and pillars upon which interpreters and jurists based their opinions as grammar has been a means to interpret the meanings of language and its different semantic structures.
Indeed, the science of grammar played an important role in Ibn El Araby inferences to prove and validate his juristic opinions. So, the purpose of this paper is to tackle the junstic matters in Ibn El Araby (" Ahkam El quran) in which grammar is used as an important evidence in proving it and denunciating opponents' opinions.
The paper handles the role of grammar in rooting juristic rules and methods of its proning against other jurists opinion or indicating the weakness of their evidences. And it cann't be said that grammar is- necessarily- the first basic that Ibn El Araby or other junsts used its rules to select from Fiqh's rules, moreover, grammar has been a means to understand different matters extracting rules and selecting from.
If using grammar as a means for understanding a specific matter is weak, using it in other semantic structures is valid for well understanding. The result is the appearance of strong related pillars used to construct jurisprudence doctrines based on connected foundation.