231960

Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy

Article

Last updated: 03 Jan 2025

Subjects

-

Tags

Pharmacology and toxicology

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is an important cardiovascular disease because of its increasing prevalence, significant morbidity, high mortality, and rapidly expanding health care cost. Heart failure is caused by structural and/or functional cardiac defects resulting in decreased cardiac production, characterized by distinct symptoms and signs. Ischemic heart disorders, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are among the most common causes of heart failure. Heart failure patients typically experience dyspnea, fluid retention and intolerance to exercise. To counteract deleterious effects of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms are established. These compensatory mechanisms include frank-starling mechanism, increasing ventricular wall thickness and neurohormonal activation. Initially, these compensatory mechanisms improve heart failure condition but with time these compensatory mechanisms lead to deterioration of heart failure. Drugs used in management of heart failure include Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), diuretics, digoxin, ivabradine and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

DOI

10.21608/rpbs.2021.98440.1116

Keywords

Heart failure, Natriuretic peptides, sacubitril/valsartan, Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system

Authors

First Name

Amir

Last Name

Elrefaei

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

Email

amir_safwat@pharm.suez.edu.eg

City

ismailia

Orcid

0000-0002-2065-1949

First Name

Hoda

Last Name

Salem

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Pharmacy Practice Department, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia and Al-Azhar University Cairo, Egypt

Email

hodasalem2000@yahoo.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Hazem

Last Name

Khamis

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern Technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt.

Email

hazemkhamis62@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Yasser

Last Name

Moustafa

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt and Badr University, Cairo, Egypt.

Email

yasser_mostafa@pharm.suez.edu.eg

City

Ismailia

Orcid

-

Volume

6

Article Issue

3

Related Issue

33244

Issue Date

2022-04-01

Receive Date

2021-09-30

Publish Date

2022-04-01

Page Start

1

Page End

13

Print ISSN

2536-9857

Online ISSN

2535-2091

Link

https://rpbs.journals.ekb.eg/article_231960.html

Detail API

https://rpbs.journals.ekb.eg/service?article_code=231960

Order

1

Type

Mini-reviews

Type Code

534

Publication Type

Journal

Publication Title

Records of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

Publication Link

https://rpbs.journals.ekb.eg/

MainTitle

Heart Failure: Review on Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Therapy

Details

Type

Article

Created At

22 Jan 2023