The Genus Phyllostachys (bamboo) is widespread all over the world. Through history, bamboo has been an important source of food and medicine in China and South East Asia. Almost all parts of the bamboo plant such as rhizome, culm and bark shaving, shoots, leaves, roots and seeds are having clinical applications. Recently, bamboo gained attention around the world because of its nutritive and therapeutic values and the important role it plays in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry. Bamboo leaves and shoots have tremendous therapeutic potential and can provide health care in a safe and eco-friendly way. In this review, we summarize the most important biological activities of different species of the genus Phyllostachys which found to include anticancer, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antidiabetic, cardiovascular, prebiotic, melanin-biosynthesis-inhibition, anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory activities. That could be contributed to the existence of a broad range of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, phenolic acids, glycosides and sterols.