The study aimed to show the sources of water pollution by applying to the waters of the Nile River and the Mediterranean Sea, and to indicate the negative effects resulting from the actions leading to that pollution to reduce it and to arrive at how to protect these waters, and to indicate the scope of legal responsibility on the perpetrators of these acts by stating the basis of that responsibility in The national law, the new bases applied in the relevant international and regional conventions, and the clarification of the controls of the compensation claim for damages resulting from the pollution of rivers and seas by determining the competent judiciary to consider the compensation claim for environmental damage and the rules for the statute of limitations for that claim, and how to estimate that compensation its methods and limits in the laws.   It also aims to demonstrate the role of national and international efforts in protecting the aquatic environment from pollution, and both descriptive and historical approaches were used. All countries should participate and join in any gathering aimed at protecting the environment and not hesitate to do so.