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105970

Heavy Metals in Citrus Fruits as Affected by Primary Treated Sewage Irrigation

Article

Last updated: 01 Jan 2025

Subjects

-

Tags

Environmental chemistry

Abstract

Water recycling and reuse of adequate treated wastewater can be considered as supplementary water resources and an alternative for irrigation, particularly in the arid and semi-arid countries for improving the fertility of the sandy soi1and to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals. In Egypt, sewage irrigation farms are only allowed for irrigating woody trees. In the present study very limited experimental area in this experimental farm was planted with Citrus fruits for a short period. This work aims to investigate the distribution pattern of heavy metals in the different parts of citrus trees. Monthly samples of different types of irrigation water (treated wastewater, groundwater, and fresh canal water) were collected. Both physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentration were evaluated. Different citrus plant samples and fruits from three different species of citrus trees were collected from the sewage farm as well as the farms irrigated with groundwater and Canal water. All citrus tree samples were partitioned into: leaves, stem and citrus fruit. The fruits were divided to the outer crust, and squeezed juice. The results showed that the level of metals in treated wastewater was within the permissible limits; however the citrus trees irrigated by this water were the highest in metals accumulation. One important notice is that the toxic metals including Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr in all cases were at the lowest and/or below detection limit, particularly, in the citrus juice. The outer crust of the citrus fruits contained the second lowest level of all metal. Thus, the citrus fruits showed no accumulation of heavy metals. This could be explained by the fact that heavy metals were up taken by the roots and only smaller fractions were trans-located to the other parts of the tree. The essential nutrient metals including Fe, Mn, and Zn were accumulated mostly by leaves and stems. It was concluded that heavy metal accumulated differently according to the plant species, and the part of the tree and fruit. Such fluctuations are governed by the irrigating water, pH of the soil, plant uptake and/or water-soil-to-plant transfer factors. Other factors include temperature, moisture, organic matter, phosphorous content and the availability of the other nutrient elements and/or water-soil-to-plant transfer factors. The present experimental study showed that the primary treated wastewater should not be used for irrigating any edible plant.

DOI

10.21608/ejchem.2020.32685.2693

Keywords

citrus trees, sewage farm, Water reuse, accumulation of metals

Authors

First Name

Hussein

Last Name

Abdel-Shafy

MiddleName

Ibrahim

Affiliation

Water Research & Pollution Control Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Email

hshafywater@yahoo.com

City

Cairo

Orcid

0000-0002-3381-2617

First Name

Mohamed

Last Name

El-Khateeb

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Water Pollution Control Dep., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Email

elkhateebcairo@yahoo.com

City

Giza

Orcid

-

Volume

64

Article Issue

1

Related Issue

19680

Issue Date

2021-01-01

Receive Date

2020-06-14

Publish Date

2021-01-01

Page Start

165

Page End

176

Print ISSN

0449-2285

Online ISSN

2357-0245

Link

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_105970.html

Detail API

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/service?article_code=105970

Order

17

Type

Original Article

Type Code

297

Publication Type

Journal

Publication Title

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Publication Link

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/

MainTitle

Heavy Metals in Citrus Fruits as Affected by Primary Treated Sewage Irrigation

Details

Type

Article

Created At

22 Jan 2023