This study is based on the DFID's sustainable livelihood framework, which lists five types of capitals to analyze the current status of shrimp farmers' livelihood assets: human capital, natural capital, physical capital, social capital, and financial capital. The data collected were based on addressing  300 shrimp-farmer households in 2019 in Tra Vinh province through questionnaire interviews and transect walks. The study was conducted to estimate the effects of five forms of livelihood capitals and 17 indicators on the environmental sustainability of shrimp farming measured by 19 criteria. Results revealed that three forms of livelihood capitals and five indicators had statistical significance affecting the environmental sustainability of shrimp farming in Tra Vinh. In addition, it was found that using groundwater in shrimp farming was not environmentally sustainable. Conversely, having reservation ponds had a positive impact on environmental sustainability.