The cost of wheat production is a parameter that can be used to infer the production and economic efficiency of wheat. So, the current study aims at identifying the role of costs in producing wheat in Assiut Governorate. To achieve the aims, the quantitative and descriptive analyses were used to analyze study-related data by a number of mathematical and statistical methods. The period covered by the study is from 1990 to 2014. Several results were reached: The highest feddan production cost in fixed prices has increased due to change in each of its components during the period average. The highest feddan return in fixed prices has decreased due change in the feddan production cost. On the other hand, it has increased due to change in all parameters, feddan production and the farm price – during the period average. Estimating the transcendental logarithmic cost (translog) of the wheat crop in Assiut Governorate, it was shown that the crop achieves increasing savings and is produced during the first phase. It was also shown that integration and interchangeability relationships among production elements are not significant although they exist. In light of results reached, the recommendations are: Providing production tools in village banks and agricultural cooperatives with appropriate prices. Using modern techniques in cultivating wheat. Paying more attention to programs and guiding seminars related to cultivating wheat.