Objective: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived 
microvesicles (MVs), zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, and propolis for the treatment of 
full-thickness cutaneous wounds in donkeys.  
Methods: Thirty healthy adult donkeys, both male and female, aged between 3-15 years, 
were selected for this study. The animals were randomly divided into five groups: a 
positive control group, a negative control group, an MVs-treated group, a ZnO 
nanoparticles-treated group, and a propolis-treated group. The intervention's effects 
were assessed at 21st and 42nd days post-wounding through histopathological 
evaluations while clinical observations was done every week. Clinical evaluation included 
monitoring wound closure, reduction in wound size, and absence of infection. 
Histopathological evaluation focused on key indicators of wound healing such as 
proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, collagen deposition, and epithelial migration.  
Results: The results revealed that the MVs, ZnO nanoparticles, and propolis treatments 
significantly enhanced wound healing compared to the control groups. These treatments 
were particularly effective in promoting the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, 
enhancing collagen deposition, and facilitating epithelial migration, which are critical 
factors in wound healing. Among the treatments, propolis, ZnO nanoparticles, and MVs 
demonstrated superior wound healing capabilities with minimal scar tissue formation.  
Conclusion: The use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles, zinc oxide 
nanoparticles, and propolis shows promising potential for accelerating the healing of full
thickness cutaneous wounds in donkeys, suggesting their potential application in 
veterinary and possibly human medicine. Further research is recommended to explore 
the underlying mechanisms and long-term benefits of these treatments.