The pear (Pyrus communis L.) is one of the most economically important pome fruits, belonging to the genus Pyrus. This study utilized 15 (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) AFLP primer combinations to characterize 32 pea landraces collected across six different locations from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A high level of genetic diversity was observed among the tested pear landraces. A total of 8,016 amplified fragments were scored, with 7,399 identified as polymorphic. The polymorphism rate ranged from 86% to 100%, with an average of 92.49%. The Dice Coefficient of similarity and an AFLP-supported dendrogram were used to assess the genetic distances between the studied individuals. The dendrogram revealed two major clusters, with the highest similarity (0.880) between landraces C6 and C11, indicating the presence of both closely related and distantly connected pear landraces in the region. Additionally, a strong correlation was found between the dendrogram clusters and the similarity matrix. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the origin and evolution of Pyrus communis L. Furthermore, the AFLP technique proves to be a novel and highly effective method for DNA fingerprinting, applicable to DNAs of any origin or complexity.