Background:. Permanent hair straightening or waving requires changes in hair disulfide bonds. We aimed in this study to assess the role of scanning electron microscopy in hair shaft changes for female volunteers who frequently use hair treatment procedures such as straightening. Subjects and methods: Our study included 70 female. Control group: 15 females. Study group: thirty five (35 females) females used straightener. Study group: twenty (20) females used dyeScanning electron microscopy: It had been used to assess the hair shaft condition in patients and two hair samples had been collected from patients group before and after using hair straightener. Results; In group A: hair straightener, there was a statistically significant difference regarding scanning electronic microscope findings before and after treatment (P-value <0.001), before treatment 51% classified as group 0, while after treatment 31% classified as Grade II. In group B: hair dye, there was no statistically significant difference regarding EMS findings before and after treatment (P=0.966). before treatment, 43.64% were grade 0, while after treatment 25.45% were Grade II. While the overall P value before and after treatment was (P<0.001). Conclusion: EMS is a useful tool in assessing hair changes related to use of chemical agents.