Emerging pathogens known as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have resistance characteristics that have a major negative impact on human health. The emergence of microbes resistant to currently available medications has been influenced by the misuse of antibiotics. A number of methods, such as the change of antibiotics, the alteration of target sites, and the production of biofilms, are used by pathogenic bacteria to build resistance. Healthcare professionals are very concerned about bacterial colonization on surfaces in the form of biofilms because it can lead to chronic infections.



It is currently urgently needed in both medicine and industry to create novel defenses against the growth of biofilms and planktonic infections, particularly strains that are resistant to antibiotics. The use of nanoparticles could be a potential solution in case of ineffectiveness of conventional methods for eliminating biofilms and the rising issue of antibiotic resistance. Metal oxide nanoparticles, like copper oxide, are among the many nanoparticles (NPs) that have attracted the greatest attention and promise.



Existing biofilms are encouraged to be destroyed by copper oxide nanoparticles, which also inhibit formation of new ones. The primary cause is the toxicity of copper ions for plankton and biofilm cells. Many metal oxide nanoparticles have shown biological characteristics that are significantly more favorable than those of the parent metals NPs. For this reason, the metal oxide NPs sparked the most interest from scientific community.