Background: The main chain of erythropoietin (EPO) consists of 193 amino acids and it has a molecular weight of 34000 Dalton (Da). EPO is a hormone-like molecule that is secreted primarily by renal interstitial cells, with the liver contributing the remaining 10%. Renal tubular or glomerular injury can restrict EPO production and create renal tissue hypoxia, which can then lead to an increase in the production of EPO in the serum. EPO is a humeral factor that enhances red blood cell production by increasing bone marrow cell proliferation and differentiation. Blood flow into peripheral blood arteries can also be boosted by EPO's ability to differentiate stem cells into red blood cells. After being activated by its receptors, to create adult hemoglobin, erythroid cells need to be differentiated and proliferated. EPO aids in the differentiation and proliferation of these cells. Objective: To determine if erythropoietin could be useful in the treatment of renal anemia. Methods: The databases were searched for articles published in English in 3 data bases [PubMed – Google scholar- Egyptian knowledge bank] and Boolean operators (and, or, not) had been used such as [Erythropoietin and Renal Anemia OR EPO]  and in peer-reviewed articles between July 2002 and May 2021. Conclusion: Renal anemia patients who receive EPO treatment can have considerable improvements in oxygen levels, immunological function, and so on; An iron overload or blood infection can be prevented by using EPO in transfusions.