Background: anxiety is a powerful central nervous system depression that can slow normal brain function. Buspirone is often prescribed to reduce the feelings of tension; this drug is also known as sedative drug. Aim of the work: this study aimed to detect the effect of buspirone hydrochloride on kidney of the pregnant rats and their foetuses (histological and histochemical studies). Material and methods: the current study was applied on thirty pregnant female rats that were categorized into three groups (ten pregnant rats in each group): Group1 (the control pregnant rats that were orally administrated with distilled water, group II (pregnant rats were given oral dosage of buspirone hydrochloride at dose level of 0.27 mg /100 g body weight /day daily for 15 days from the 6 th day to the 20th day of gestation and group III (pregnant rats were treated with buspirone hydrochloride at a dose level of 0.41 mg/100 gm body weight/day for 15 days from the 6 th to the 20th day of gestation. Kidney tissues were taken from pregnant rats and picked out from their foetuses of all groups which killed on the 20th day of gestation for the histological and histochemical studies. Results: maternal and foetal kidney tissues of both treated groups showed numerous changes post-treatment with buspirone that well-marked at the high concentration dose. Conclusion: the present study showed that administration of Buspirone drug resulted in several histological and histochemical alterations in the kidney tissues.